Norfolk State University
“Mass Media and its Impact on News Breaking Stories”
Research Paper
Anthony Hardy
English 203.06
November 21, 2016
“Mass Media and its Impact on News Breaking Stories”
When tasked with asking one’s self, “how does mass media affect news stories?” one must first dissect the true purpose large media companies. These large media conglomerates don’t always have the best interests of the people when it comes to running their companies; These companies exist for one reason, and one reason only, to make money. The effect that mass media has on breaking news stories has a lot more to do with the companies that run these news corporations, versus the idea of mass media itself. To begin, I will first discuss the definition of “Mass Media”, the Importance of Mass Media, Its Negatives, its Positives, the “CNN Effect”, and the Theories of Journalism.
Simply put, Mass Media is defined as any of the means of communication, as television or newspapers, that reach very large numbers of people. Mass media is a deceptively simple term containing a innumerable amount of institutions that make up the modern world as we know it. Mass media includes all forms of information communicated to large groups of people, from a sign created for a minor protest, to a national news broadcast. There is no standard for how large the audience needs to be before communication becomes "mass" communication. There are also no constraints on the type of information being presented. A videogame advertisement, a protestors picket sign, t and a presidential announcement are both examples of mass media. (See Fig.1 and Fig. 2)
Fig. 1 Source: "21 Witty And Funny Protest Signs (GALLERY)". http://www.newsiosity.com/. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Fig. 2 Source: Cheong, Ian. "Top 20 Wonky Video Game Print Ads". Gameranx. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Secondly, the importance of mass communications cannot be stressed enough. Mass communicated media saturate the modern world. The television in the living room, the newspaper on the doorstep, the radio in the car, the computer at work, and the fliers in the mailbox are just a few of the media channels daily delivering advertisements, news, opinion, music, and other forms of mass communication.
Because media is so prevalent in industrialized countries, they have a powerful impact on how those populations view the world. Nearly all of the news in the United States comes from a major network or newspaper. Events in the larger community, the state, the country, and the rest of the world are experienced through the eyes of a journalist.
Not only does the media report the news, they create the news by deciding what to report. The day’s top story has to be picked from the millions of things that happened that particular day. After something is deemed newsworthy, there are decisions on how much time or space to give it, whom to interview, what pictures to use, and how to frame it. Often considered by editors, but seldom discussed, is how the biases and interests of management will impact these determinations. All of these decisions add up to the audience's view of the world, and those who influence the decisions influence the audience.
Consequently, the media has enormous importance to conflict resolution because they are the primary source of information regarding conflicts. When peaceful options such as negotiation and other collaborative problem-solving techniques are not covered, or their successes are not reported, they become invisible and are not likely to be considered or even understood as possible options in the management of a conflict.
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 Source: "Newspaper Headlines '200 Dead In FLA Storm' VS 'Overseas Railroad'...". Getty Images. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Now I will transition into the negative effects of mass media. The news media thrive on conflict. The lead story for most news programs is typically the most recent and extreme crime or disaster. Conflict attracts viewers, listeners, and readers to the media; the greater the conflict the greater the audience, and large audiences are imperative to the financial success of media outlets. Therefore, it is often in the media's interest to not only report conflict, but to play it up, making it seem more intense than it really is (See Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). Long-term, on-going conflict-resolution processes such as mediation are not dramatic and are often difficult to understand and report, especially since the proceedings are almost always closed to the media. Thus conflict resolution stories are easily pushed aside in favor of the most recent, the most colorful, and the most shocking aspects of a conflict. Groups that understand this dynamic can cater to it in order to gain media attention.
Common criteria for terrorist attacks include timing them to coincide with significant dates, targeting elites, choosing sites with easy media access, and aiming for large numbers of casualties (Schaffert p.62). Protesters will hoist their placards and start chanting when the television cameras come into view. It is not unusual for camera crews or reporters to encourage demonstrators into these actions so they can return to their studios with exciting footage. The resulting media coverage can bestow status and even legitimacy on marginal opposition groups, so television coverage naturally becomes one of their planned strategies and top priorities. The "30-second sound bite" has become a familiar phrase in television and radio news and alert public figures strategize to use it to their advantage.
In most parts of the industrialized world, the news has to "sell," because the handful of giant media conglomerates that control most of the press (media outlets) place a high priority on profitable operations. Their CEOs are under relentless pressure to generate high returns on their shareholders' investments. Media companies face tight budgets and fierce competition, which often translate into fewer foreign correspondents, heavy reliance on sensationalism, space and time constraints, and a constant need for new stories. Reporters with pressing deadlines may not have time to find and verify new sources. Instead they tend to rely on government reports, press releases, and a stable of vetted sources, which are usually drawn from "reliable" companies and organizations.
Most overseas bureaus have been replaced by "parachute journalism," where a small news crew spends a few days or less in the latest hotspot. These same media outlets are also dependent upon advertisement revenue, and that dependence can compromise their impartiality. Many newspapers and television stations think twice before reporting a story that might be damaging to their advertisers, and will choose to avoid the story, if possible. According to a survey taken in 2000, "...about one in five [20 percent] of local and [17 percent] of national reporters say they have faced criticism or pressure from their bosses after producing or writing a piece that was seen as damaging to their company's financial interests."(Kohut p. 41) The drive to increase advertising revenue has led many local news shows to measure out world news in seconds to accommodate longer weather and sports reports.
The news that is reported in the West comes from an increasingly concentrated group of corporate- and individually-owned conglomerates. Currently, the majority of all media outlets in the United States and a large share of those internationally are owned by a handful of corporations including Universal, AOL/Time Warner owns CNN, The Walt Disney Co. owns ABC, News Corporation owns FOX, Viacom owns CBS, and General Electric owns NBC (Free Press). (See fig. 5 below)
Fig. 5 Source: Snyder, Michael. 2014. Who Owns The Media? The 6 Monolithic Corporations That Control Almost Everything We Watch, Hear and Read http://www.dcclothesline.com/2014/10/23/owns-media-6-monolithic-corporations-control-almost-everything-watch-hear-read/
These companies' holdings include international news outlets, magazines, television, books, music, and movies as well as large commercial subsidiaries that are not part of the media. Many of these companies are the result of recent mergers and acquisitions. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission [FCC] is currently considering revising media-ownership rules that would encourage even further consolidation in the future. (Sanders)
In addition to the control exercised by owners, there are also government controls and self-censorship. The United States, governed by a constitution where the First Amendment guarantees freedom of the press, has arguably one of the freest presses in the world, and is one of the few countries where the right to free speech is expressly written into the constitution. Yet even the U.S. government exerts control over the media, particularly during times of war or crisis. In many other countries around the world, especially emerging nations and dictatorships, governments impose tight restrictions on journalists, including penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment and execution. In these environments, rigorous self-censorship is necessary for survival. In a major survey of 287 U.S. journalists, "about a quarter of those polled have personally avoided pursuing newsworthy stories." (Kohut p.43)
After all the previous negativity, I will delve into the positive effects of mass media. Without the media, most people would know little of events beyond their immediate neighborhood. The further one goes outside of one's circle of friends and family, the more time-consuming and expensive it becomes to get information. Very few, if any, individuals have the resources to stay independently informed of world events. With the news, however, all one has to do is turn on a television or turn to the Internet. Even when it is biased or limited, it is a picture of what is happening around the world.
The more sources one compares, the more accurate the picture that can be put together. In addition to the media conglomerates, there are also a range of independent news outlets, though they have a much smaller audience. Some of these provide an alternative view of events and often strive to publish stories that cannot be found in the mainstream media. Technological advances in many industrialized (primarily Western) countries make it possible to read papers and watch broadcasts from around the globe. While language skills can be a barrier, it is possible to live in the United States and watch Arab-language broadcasts from the Middle East, or to get on the Internet and read scores of Chinese newspapers. Having access to these alternative voices limits the power of monopolies over information.
Another important benefit of a functioning mass news media is that information can be relayed quickly in times of crisis. Tornado and hurricane announcement can give large populations advance warning and allow them to take precautions and move out of harm's way (See Fig. 6). In a country suffering war, a radio broadcast outlining where the latest fighting is can alert people to areas to avoid. In quieter times, the media can publish other useful announcements, from traffic reports to how to avoid getting HIV. It is a stabilizing and civilizing force.
Fig. 6 Source: Baylor, Ashley. "BLOG: Matthew Takes Aim At Florida". WAVY-TV. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Along the same lines, the news media allow elected and other officials to communicate with their constituents. Frequently, the delegates at a negotiation will find they understand each other much better over the course of their discussions, but that understanding will not reach the larger populations they represent without a concerted communications effort. If constituents are not aware of these new understandings (and subsequent compromises) during the course of negotiations, they will almost certainly feel cheated when a final agreement falls far short of their expectations. To achieve ratification, delegates must justify the agreement by discussing it with and explaining it to their constituents throughout the entire process and the media is often used for this purpose. (Laws)
Next, I will introduce a topic that is referred to as the “CNN Effect”. The CNN effect is a media phenomenon that became prominent in the 1980s, called the "CNN effect", occurs when powerful news media (i.e. CNN) appear to be creating the news by reporting it. It has been argued that CNN, with its vast international reach, sets the agenda by deciding which items are newsworthy and require the attention of government leaders. Traditionally, agenda-setting has been seen as the prerogative of government (Hawkins p. 56). It is also argued that emotionally-charged footage of people suffering, such as mass starvation, bombed-out markets, and burning houses, arouse the public to demand immediate action. This gives leaders little time to think through an appropriate response and can force them to take valuable resources from more urgent, less photogenic issues.
This use of sensational imagery is cited as being responsible for the United States' ill-fated involvement in Somalia: "In the words of one U.S. congressman, 'Pictures of starving children (see Fig. 7), not policy objectives, got us into Somalia in 1992. Pictures of U.S. casualties, not the completion of our objectives, led us to exit Somalia.' "(Carruthers p. 206) On the other hand, failure of the media to fully report on the genocide that claimed an estimated 800,000 lives in Rwanda during a 100-day period in 1994, made it easy for Western governments to ignore the crisis that they preferred not to acknowledge until long after it ended.
Fig. 7 Source: Hassan, Muhhammad. "More Than 58,000 Somalia Kids Starving: UN English - Middle East Press". middleeastpress.net/english. N.p., 2015. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
The CNN effect also brings up issues of accuracy. The New York Times, with its vast resources, has long been known as "the newspaper of record; once something is reported by this leading news outlet it is accepted as fact (unverified) and carried by other outlets, even when errors creep into the Times' account.
Some observers argue that the CNN effect is overrated, if not complete myth. Warren Strobel and Susan Carruthers, for example, argue that the U.S. government has not been forced into doing anything; rather, it used reaction over media stories to introduce policies that it already desired. Strobel also argues that any action a politician undertakes as a result of this pressure will be merely a "minimalist response" -- a limited action that suggests a greater response than has taken place. (Strobel p. 366)
Last, and certainly not least, I will discuss what I believe to be a theory of modern journalism. Any discussion of media and conflict eventually leads to the purpose and responsibilities of journalists. A Western audience expects objectivity of its news reporters. While most citizens take this for granted, objective reporting has not been the historical norm. The concept of objectivity itself has often been the focus of debate. As Susan Carruthers states, "... news can never be 'value-free,' from 'nobody's point of view.' "(Carruthers p.17) It is a sentiment voiced by numerous journalism professionals and teachers.
Deciding what the news is requires a value judgement. In the Western news media there is a consensus that news is something unusual which departs from everyday life and is quantifiable. For example, the outbreak of war is news, but any fighting thereafter might not be. As the war continues, its newsworthiness depends on whether the news agency's home troops are involved, whether the troops of close allies are involved, how many casualties are reported, how photogenic the victims are, whether reporters have access to the fighting and information about it, and what other stories occur at the same time. Western news consists of events, not processes. This bias can result in news reports where events seem to have no context.
To conclude, mass media itself is not responsible for the distortion of news stories, nor is it responsible for the effects that breaking news stories have on the public. These large media conglomerates don’t always have the best interests of the people and are only functioning today to put money in their own pockets. The effect that mass media has on breaking news stories has a lot more to do with the companies that run these news corporations, versus the idea of mass media itself.
Works Cited
Baylor, Ashley. "BLOG: Matthew Takes Aim At Florida". WAVY-TV. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Carruthers, Susan L. The Media at War. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2000. p 17 and p. 206
Cheong, Ian. "Top 20 Wonky Video Game Print Ads". Gameranx. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Hassan, Muhhammad. "More Than 58,000 Somalia Kids Starving: UN | English - Middle East Press". middleeastpress.net/english. N.p., 2015. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Hawkins, Virgil. "Media selectivity and the other side of the CNN effect: the consequences of not paying attention to conflict." Media, War & Conflict 4.1 (2011) p. 55-68.
Kohut, Andrew. "Self-Censorship: Counting the Ways." Columbia Journalism Review. May/June 2002 p. 41-43
Laws, David. "Representation of Stake holding Interests." The Consensus Building Handbook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. 1999.
"Newspaper Headlines '200 Dead In FLA Storm' VS 'Overseas Railroad'...". Getty Images. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Schaffert, Richard W. "The Media's Influence on the Public's Perception of Terrorism and the Question of Media Responsibility." Media Coverage and Political Terrorists. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 61-79
Snyder, Michael. "Who Owns The Media? The 6 Monolithic Corporations That Control Almost Everything We Watch, Hear And Read". dcclothesline.com. N.p., 2014. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
Strobel, Warren. 1996. Managing Global Chaos: Sources and Responses to International Conflict, eds. Chester A. Crocker and Fen Osler Hampson with Pamela Aall. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press. p. 366.
"Newspaper Headlines '200 Dead In FLA Storm' VS 'Overseas Railroad'...". Getty Images. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
"21 Witty And Funny Protest Signs (GALLERY)". http://www.newsiosity.com/. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
